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Archeology now traces pretty far back in regions of Egypt, Africa, Peru & Central America. Areas where nations (ethnic groups) were subjugated and abused by slavery.
Some strange mutations seem to have occurred at various times and in widely separated locations - mutations happening to the elite oppressor group. The mutations occurred in "monument building" societies.
[NB. An observation on nations which built 'monuments' can be found in Buckle's "History of Civilization", Chapter II "Influence exercised by physical laws" where he lays down what we think is a good general rule:-
"Indeed, the mere appearance of these huge and costly buildings, which are still standing, is a proof of the state of the nation that erected them. To raise structures so stupendous, and yet so useless, there must have been tyranny on the part of the rulers, and slavery on the part of the people."
Used this as one rule of thumb indicators of democracy - strengthened by Buckle's equations.]
Quote: "Strewn around in all directions were sun-bleached or yellowing skulls, the outlines of each cranium deformed to an extraordinary, elongated shape."
It seems that most remains were those of ordinary humans whose heads had been forcibly compressed when babies.
Quote:- "deliberately produced by binding the heads of infants between a pair of wooden boards"
. . . later, Tello was to find "babies' skulls with the boards still attached"
Indicating that a subject people were complying with an adopted or imposed 'ideal'.
From "Lines to the Mountain Gods" by Evan Hadingham
ISBN 0-245-54559-X
Also see ANOMALOUS ANCIENT SKULLS at http://paradigm-sys.com/ae/lib/archeo/skulls.html
Note : The children of subject people have often been forced to conform to ideals set by alien elites.
I.e. via 'slave-education', biased upbringing; mutilation of women (so-called "female-circumcision" probably first introduced by slavers or 'alien rulers'. see below)
Region: - Mexico, Belize & Guatemala and possibly some adjoining Central American countries' borderlands.
Here we read between the lines of modern archeology.
It seems that the original people of the area were rural and small town egalitarians (democratic - living equally), since earlier - and later - communities had no "ruler's houses" or "palaces".
From comprehensive, extensive and well illustrated reference - "The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings" by David Drew 1999 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81699-3
But sometime around 800 BCE a more martial group evolved or arrived.
We speculate here and here that they may have been migrants displaced, by some as yet unknown circumstance, from a Mediterranean civilization. It seems, from the archeological record, that intermittent waves of migration may have arrived at Central and South American shores, one at least from Africa.
Insert note: we're told the Paris Codex shows the Mayan zodiac as "a menagerie of very diverse animals not unlike the zodiac of Old World Egypt". - [ Story told by Anthony F Aveni in "Astronomy before the telescope" British Museum Press 1999 ISBN 0-7141-2733-7]
Their physiognomy - had a low, sloping forehead with flattening and extension of the skull. This was unlike that of the local and now surviving peoples. (see Lacandón photo below)
The (intruding?) group needed to live in big cities and to have vast monuments built for them by a (captive?) labour-force.
This elite apparently recklessly consumed all the produce of the surrounding lands and lived in `conspicuous-consumption' luxury, owning huge numbers of slaves. This may be significant when looked at from a modern perspective.
The elite consumer group seem very different in form and features than the more egalitarian folk who had been previously living in the countryside and small towns.
above - a Mayan decapitates a `southern Mayan', in a stucco from Chiapas. Note the low, flattened forehead.
To quote Drew : "the head of a Maya lord with typical aquiline nose and sloping forehead, the conventional (Mayan) ideal of (male) beauty".
"Perceptions" (alone, apparently) believes the `southern Maya' were intruding dominators who ruled Lacandóns and others for 1,000 years or more, leading to ruling elite's degeneration, until the final "Maya Collapse" around 800 AD, when - like Egyptian and Peruvian elites - the `southern Maya' went extinct.
above - A Lacandón Indian child and her family (photographed with anthropologist / archeologist J.Eric Thompson - 1946)
This open-faced youngster could be any healthy modern child. Note the high forehead. See below
"Perceptions" (alone, apparently) believes the Lacandóns are actually 'altruist survivors' of slavery under the `southern Maya'.
And that the `southern Maya' were intruding dominators who ruled the Lacandóns and others for 1,000 years or more.
Note: Lacandóns remain oppressed by dominators today.
There's a summary of "Perceptions" view of erroneous history of Meso- and South America - at "Real Maya".
Graham Phillips speculates that Aken-aten (originally named Amenhotep IV) was the Pharaoh of the Hebrew "Exodus".
Phillips thinks the incompetence of his reign, with other events, permitted the revolt of the oppressed groups in Egypt - a slave State.
King Aken-aten, product of a long and ancient Egyptian dynasty, is shown below left, leading religious rites.
From "Act of God" by Graham Phillips - Sidgwick & Jackson 1998 - ISBN 0-283-06314-9
left:- from Graham Phillips' :-
QUOTE
"the [King's] profile is not only effeminate, it is also deformed.
The legs, for instance, are fatty around the thighs but spindly below the knees." -
UNQUOTE
Cairo Museum
right:- Court flattery -
Sculptors hid the flattened forehead and elongated skull by portraying him always wearing high hats or helmets.
Even so, the profile is unprepossessing.
Luxor Museum
Berlin Museum & Cairo Museum respectively
There were six female children to Nefertiti and Aken-aten. Busts have been found of two of them.
One bust could be that of Meritaten, the eldest. The family traits are obvious.
Later Meritaten ruled as queen with her husband Smenkhkare as king (he was either a secret brother or half-brother, uncle or first cousin).
They were succeeded by Smenkhkare's younger brother, uncle or cousin Tutankhamun. He was the last of that dynasty.
(Right - Tutankhamun when younger)
Cairo Museum
Update 2002:
"Scientists and special effects artists in the UK and in New Zealand employed digital techniques normally reserved for crime investigations to reconstruct what the young pharaoh might have looked like"
- Also see IOIS.Net Todd Grey with X-rays
Image: Atlantic Productions
i) brain / skull flattening - becoming platycephalic (flattened), sometimes allied to lengthened skulls (dolichocephalic) in Peruvian, Egyptian, & Mayan rulers.
[A similar effect has been noted in various 'aristocrat' groups in modern times : - Oxford Dictionary entry = chinless wonder n. ineffectual esp. upper-class person. That began as Brit Army slang for 'officer' [now a "Rupert"].
ii) unknown but apparently extensive mental changes -
[Research gives reasons for believing that elite mental changes described above are results of a group aiming for perpetual 'dominance' and thereby eventually giving up human 'self-consciousness'. See conscious)
We speculate that the flattening of the fore-brain (platycephalic skull), seemingly typical of elite evolution, is indicative of the loss or atrophy of normal 'human' traits in elites - before they finally become extinct.
We know that sociability, kindness, social responsibility, etc. are now known to have evolved associated with that area of the normal human brain within the high forehead of modern homo. sap.. See evol.html
Later note - it seems that Native Americans had a tradition which would tend to prevent authoritarianism and elitism. They used 'cradle-boards' to flatten the back of the skull.
The elite deformations would seem to be caused by generations of privilege and to have occurred many times in human history.
Results may have been the extinction of privileged groups, while subject or slave groups evolved away from them.
However during their existence the privileged group depart from the human norm - sometimes for centuries.
So much so that some modern researchers and commentators have been tempted to speculate on "alien rulers" in prehistoric times.
Of course that is an alternative hypothesis:- 'alien' dominators or rulers imposing their radically different physiognomy on humans as an 'ideal' - at many times in the past - and for periods of up to thousands of years.
Here's an examination of that.
[Anyone lucky enough to read a Jack Vance book (or a 4 volume series, UK omnibus ISBN 0-586-06346-3) will remember his classic 'alien rulers']
This page looks mainly at congenital physical distortions of the human brain.
Similar 'artificial' distortions of human brain's functions are discussed at conscious.
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